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ABSTRACT Conventional treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma NPC ; frequently fails, and is accompanied by severe long-term side effects. Since virtually all undifferentiated NPCs are associated with Epstein Barr virus EBV ; , this tumor is an attractive candidate for cellular immunotherapy targeted against tumor-associated viral antigens. We now demonstrate that EBV-specific cytotoxic T cell lines CTL ; can readily be generated from individuals with NPC, notwithstanding the patients' prior exposure to chemotherapy radiation. Ten patients diagnosed with advanced NPC were treated with autologous CTL. All patients tolerated the CTL, although one developed increased swelling at the site of pre-existing disease. Four patients treated in remission from locally advanced disease remain disease free 19 to 27 months after infusion. Of 6 patients with refractory disease prior to treatment, 2 had complete responses, and remain in remission 11-23 months after treatment, 1 had a partial remission that persisted for 12 months, 1 has had stable disease for 14 months and 2 had no response. These results demonstrate that administration of EBV-specific CTL to patients with advanced NPC is feasible, appears to be safe and can be associated with significant anti-tumor activity!
2-ADRENOCEPTORS. Although formulated more than 25 years ago and based on a the pituitary "depletion" method, subsequently shown to be fraught with inconsistencies, the concept that NE is a synaptic transmitter that releases GRF 758 ; is essentially valid today. Proper evaluation of neurotransmitter function became possible with RIA methods for the measurement of GH in rat plasma, the awareness of the labile and episodic function of GH secretion in the rat, and hence the adoption of chronically cannulated rats for blood sampling 666 ; . Since then, evidence has accumulated that central adrenergic pathways acting through 2-adrenoceptors stimulate GH secretion in humans and rats 756 ; . Instrumental to this conclusion were experiments in rats with an intra-atrial cannula, in which blockade of CA synthesis by -methyl-ptyrosine, depletion of hypothalamic CA stores by reserpine, and injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, a CA neurotoxin, markedly suppressed the episodic GH secretion; these effects were counteracted by the 2-adrenoceptor clonidine, but not the DA agonist apomorphine 759 ; . More selective inhibition of NE and E synthesis by blockers of DA hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts DA to NE and E see Fig. 10 ; , also inhibited spontaneous GH bursts, this effect again being counteracted by clonidine 549, 578, 771 ; . Epinephrine was presumably the main endogenous CA active on 2-adrenoceptors, since selective blockade of E synthesis by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase PNMT ; inhibitors reduced GH secretion in freely moving rats, and the effect was reversed by clonidine 1028 ; . There was concomitantly a reduction of E levels in the hypothalamus with no changes in DA and NE stores. A peripheral E synthesis blocker had no effect on GH secretion, indicating that inhibition of brain rather than adrenomedullary E was responsible 1028 ; . The importance of -adrenergic mechanisms in GH secretion was substantiated by the finding that clonidine given acutely to 10-day-old rats induced a clear-cut rise in plasma GH, although the effect was not dose related; short-term administration of clonidine to 5-day-old rats also raised plasma GH levels and pituitary GH content 204 ; . A sound interpretation of these findings was that in infant rats clonidine, in addition to stimulating GH release, had elicited GH synthesis, as confirmed by measurement of pituitary [3H]leucine incorporation into GH of infant rats treated ex vivo with the drug 272 ; . Because similar results were obtained in infant rats with GHRH 272 ; , it appeared likely that clonidine acted at least partially, through the release of endogenous GHRH. Clonidine did not affect GH release in rats with hypothalamic destruction or from cultured AP cells 552.
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FIG 6. Mortality curves in the Beta-blocker Heart Attack Trial BHAT ; comparing propranolol with placebo in heart attack patients.
Treatment of erectile dysfunction STIEF CG Presenting author: STIEF CG Dept. Of Urology, MHH, D- 30623 Hannover Phone: --, Email: stief.christian mh-hannover Research on erectile dysfunction has mainly focused on peripheral mechanisms of cavernous smooth muscle relaxation, which is the crucial step in achieving penile erection. Based on the increasing knowledge on intracellular signal propagation in cavernous smooth muscle tone regulation, the treatment of ED has evolved during the last two decades from surgical options and the intracavernosal or intraurethral application of vasoactive drugs to the recent development of oral therapies which act through maximizing biological mechanisms. To date, the efficacy and safety of phosphodiesterase 5 PDE ; inhibitors, the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine and alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine for use in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction have been thoroughly evaluated. The promising clinical data on the first orally active PDE inhibtor Sildenafil for treatment of erectile dysfunction were accompanied by boosting research activities on the physiology of male erection. This included both peripheral intracellular signal transduction in the corpus cavernosum as well as brain and spinal cord pathways that control penile erection. This provided the basis for the develpoment and introduction of several new therapeutic modalities that is now offered to the patients. Since the concept of taking a pill as a cure for an illness or the relief of symptoms of a disease has become widely accepted by the consumers, the pharmacological treatment of erectile dysfunction has primarily focused on selective, orally available drugs that act via influencing intracellular or central regulatory mechanisms, combining a high response rate and the advantage of an on-demand intake. These agents are regarded more efficacious, have a faster onset of drug action in the target tissue and an improved effect to side effect ratio. The purpose of this review is to describe the major novel and evolving pharmacological advances in the field of oral pharmacotherapy for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction.
Malmcrona, R., Soderholm, B., Bjorntorp, P., Thulesius, O., and Heyman, F.: Myocardial Infarction in the Younger Age Groups. Acta med. scandinav. 171: 59 Jan. ; , 1962. Follow-up clinical and electrocardiographic examinations are detailed for 155 patients who had had their first myocardial infaretion before the age of 55. The average follow-up time was 3 years and 5 months. Before the examination 32 had had another infaretion and six had had 2 additional infaretions. Forty-three per cent of the patients showed symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure. Fifty-one per cent had angina of effort, and 14 per cent had chest pain without relationship to exertion. Roentgen examinations of the heart were obtained in 34 patients and in 18 the cardiac silhouette was enlarged. The serum cholesterol level was above 250 mg. per cent in 82 per cent of the patients. Of the original 318 cases examined at the time of the first myocardial infaretion 39 per cent had died, whereas 34 per cent had regained full working capacity. Five of the 155 patients seen at follow-up had been unable to work even before infaretion. Of the remaining 150, 42 per cent returned to work within 4 months, 43 per cent between 4 months and 1 year, 6 per cent after 1 year, and 9 per cent did not return to work. There was a higher rate of resettlement to the original occupation among patients with the highest degree of intellectual work. One hundred and fifty-two patients had abnormal electrocardiograms during the acute stage of the illness. Sixteen per cent had completely normal electrocardiograms and 6 per cent had an arrhythmia only at the time of re-examination. Twentyeight per cent had isolated pathologic Q waves, 34 per cent had abnormal Q and T waves as well as ST-segment abnormalities. Ten per cent had ST-T wave changes only. There was no correlation between the extent of the electrocardiographic chanrges during the acute illness and the subsequent development of effort angina or congestive heart failure. ST-T wave changes seem to have a less favorable irmnlication on a patient's capacity for work than Q waves.
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Foods containing sugars lactose, fructose, sorbitol ; , and gluten are the most common cause of problems. Foods containing monosodium glutamate MSG ; , sulfites or histamines cause symptoms in far fewer people. Sugars Sugars that are not absorbed in the small intestine pass into the large intestine where bacteria feed on them and produce gas and other breakdown products that can cause symptoms of bloating, gas, diarrhea, nausea and cramps. Lactose Intolerance The most common food intolerance by far occurs in people who lack the ability to digest significant amounts of lactose, the predominant sugar in milk. This results from a shortage of the enzyme lactase, which is normally produced by the cells lining the small intestine. Lactase breaks down milk sugar into simpler forms that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. When there is not enough enzyme to digest the amount of lactose consumed, nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and bloating are common. Symptoms usually begin 30 minutes to two hours after eating or drinking food containing lactose e.g. milk, cottage cheese, ice cream, cheese ; . The severity of the symptoms depends on the amount of lactose an individual can absorb in relation to the amount ingested and aprepitant
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Giuliano et al measured the intracavernous pressure icp ; and blood pressure in anesthetized rats receiving apomorphine intravenously and intrathecally and apri.
ANY OTHER COMPETENT BUSINESS Activated Protein C for Sepsis Dr Fraser advised that he had received an enquiry from an Intensive DF Care Consultant regarding the status of Activated Protein C for Sepsis. Ms Muir confirmed that it was on the list for SMC to look at and Mrs Bennie suggested that if it was a national initiative that Intensive Care staff were working on they should contact SMC. Wound Management Product Availability Dr Fraser brought to the Committee's attention a copy of a letter he had received regarding wound management product availability. There were concerns that wound management products had changed on an Acute Trust basis without proper discussion in Primary Care. Mr Coxon advised that the ADTC had previously sought to look at wound management product availability and it was agreed that this would initially be taken forward in the Acute sector with a response sought from Primary Care. Dr Clark will take this forward in the Primary Care Trust. SC Professor Howard McNulty Dr Fraser advised the Committee that this would be Professor Howard McNulty's last meeting at the ADTC. He thanked Professor McNulty on behalf of the ADCT and Fife for his help and guidance over the years.
Clinical pearl: inadequate fluid intake is the most common cause of dehydration in long-term care facilities and aptivus.
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He 7th Congress of the EFNS was held at the Helsinki Fair Centre in Helsinki, Finland and large numbers of participants came from all over Europe, as well as Australia and the US. It is always difficult to comment on the overall impact of the meeting in terms of new discoveries and changes in neurological practice given the large number of presentations and parallel sessions that are run. The various items that caught our particular eyes were: The work of Ken Smith London ; demonstrating cogently that axonal loss in multiple sclerosis may result from abnormalities in sodium loading which in turn leads to changes in intracellular calcium as a result of a reverse of a sodium calcium exchange pump. Blocking this influx of sodium may, therefore, have an impact upon axonal integrity and Ken Smith presented interesting experimental work not only in vitro but in the EAE model. This is leading to the possibility of a drug trial in MS looking at flecainide and its effect on axonal loss. Field of movement disorders. There was a very lucid account by Cristina Sampaio Lisbon ; on the evidence for the use of various drug therapies in Parkinson's disease. This was a sobering experience as it is quite clear that many of the drug therapies have no actual basis in terms of proper controlled trials. However, it emerged from this work that the efficacy of deep brain stimulation is probably very similar to that of apomorphine infusions and thus abandoning pharmacological therapies in favour of deep brain stimulation in advanced PD patients might not necessarily be always the right decision. Wolfgang Oertel Marburg ; gave a very comprehensive account of the incidence of sleep disorders including restless leg syndrome and its association with Parkinson's disease both pathologically and physiologically. The basic message from this talk was that these conditions are very common and that there is probably a degree of overlap between REM sleep disorder, Parkinson's disease and restless leg syndrome in terms of pathophysiological behaviour given their sensitivity to dopaminergic agents. There was also a fascinating satellite meeting, which looked at the evidence of neuroprotection with dopamine agonists in early Parkinson's disease. This explored not only possible in vitro mechanisms for this stabilisation of mitochondrial membrane potential ; but the recent clinical evidence that this can be seen in patients. This latter area relies heavily on functional imaging, and many intriguing questions were raised including whether levodopa interferes with dopamine uptake and by so doing influencing the scan result. If true, then the neuroprotection of dopamine agonists may turn out to be an artefact created by an apparent worsening in signal by L-dopa. At the Basal Ganglia Club meeting there was a superbly comprehensive and authoritative account on the aetiology and management of dystonia by Jo Jankovic. The major messages from his talk were: any child with cerebral palsy should be given a trial of levodopa which many now adopt in their standard clinical practice already polypharmacy for dystonia is often necessary and that surgical interventions are emerging as a very useful therapy in people with severe generalised dystonias especially if they carry the DYT1 gene. There was also a fascinating account by Mark Edwards London ; demonstrating that DYT1 gene carriers have abnormal neurophysiology within the cortex similar to that seen in the manifest patient. This suggests that people with.
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The extremely active academic and industrial research on the use of biodegradable polymers for agricultural applications leads to the introduction on the market of several products. These products based on biodegradables are supposed to be applied in agricultural practices such as mulching films, green houses sheets, laminates, containers and for application such as soil structurization and controlled release of chemicals such as fertilizers, herbicide etc. A summary of application is presented in Table 5.4. Table 5.5 reports some examples of companies involved in the manufacturing of agricultural products by biodegradable polymers and the relative recommended application. The number of biodegradable items for agricultural application to enter the market is going to increase in the near future and aranesp.
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With Debnath, Lokenath; Shenan, Gamal M. ; Application of fractional derivative operators to the mapping properties of analytic functions. English summary ; Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal. 5 2002 ; , no. 2, 169180. R. K. Raina ; 2003i: 30016 30C45 ; with Loonker, Deshna ; An extension of Sobolev spaces to the Mellin transform. English summary ; Ganita Sandesh 16 2002 ; , no. 1, 1320. Henri-Michel Maire ; . 2003k: 46049 46F12 ; with Loonker, Deshna ; Generalized Schwartz distribution: the Boehmians. English summary ; J. Rajasthan Acad. Phys. Sci. 1 2002 ; , no. 1, 1724. Carmen Fern ndez ; a 2003e: 46056 46F05 ; with Loonker, Deshna ; Tempered distributional Fourier-Hankel transform. English summary ; J. Rajasthan Acad. Phys. Sci. 1 2002 ; , no. 2, 8388. Summary ; 2003d: 46053 46F12 ; with Mohsen, F. B. F. ; On generating functions involving Laguerre and modified Bessel polynomials. English summary ; Dedicated to Professor B. D. Singh on his 80th birthday. Var hmihir J. Math. Sci. 2 2002 ; , no. 1, 191196. 33C45 a aluja-Banet, Tom` s see Aluja-Banet, Tom` s a a daz-B nez, Jos Miguel see Daz-B nez, Jos Miguel i a~ e Bang, Ha Huy see Ha Huy Bang Bang, Heejung with Tsiatis, Anastasios A. ; Median regression with censored cost data. English and French summaries ; Biometrics 58 2002 ; , no. 3, 643649. 62G05 ; Bang, Hyo-Choong with Choi, Han-Lim; Tahk, Min-Jea ; A novel co-evolutionary method for solving pursuit-evasion games with consideration of lethal radius. English summary ; ISDG2002, Vol. I, II St. Petersburg ; , 226234, St. Petersburg State Univ. Inst. Chem., St. Petersburg, 2002. see 2003b: 91003 ; 49N75 91A24 ; Bang, Keumseong with Ahn, Sun Shin ; On projective BCI-algebras. English summary ; Commun. Korean Math. Soc. 18 2003 ; , no. 2, 225233. 06F35 Bang, Ole with Corney, Joel F. ; Plane waves in periodic, quadratically nonlinear slab waveguides: stability and exact Fourier structure. English summary ; J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B Opt. Phys. 19 2002 ; , no. 4, 812821. Summary ; 2003j: 78038 78A50 with Krolikowski, Wieslaw; Wyller, John; Rasmussen, Jens Juul ; Collapse arrest and soliton stabilization in nonlocal nonlinear media. English summary ; Phys. Rev. E 3 ; 66 2002 ; , no. 4, 046619, 5 pp. Summary ; 2003h: 35255 35Q55 ; see also Nonlinearity and disorder: theory and applications, 2003m: 78001 Bang, Sejeong with Song, Sung-Yell ; Characterization of maximal rational circulant association schemes. English summary ; Codes and designs Columbus, OH, 2000 ; , 3748, Ohio State Univ. Math. Res. Inst. Publ., 10, de Gruyter, Berlin, 2002. Summary ; 2003m: 05215 05E30 Bangerezako, Gaspard with Hounkonnou, Mahouton Norbert ; The transformation of polynomial eigenfunctions of linear second-order difference operators: a special case of Meixner polynomials. English summary ; J. Phys. A 34 2001 ; , no. 28, 56535666. C. M. Joshi ; 2003a: 33024 33C47 ; The fourth order difference equation for the Laguerre-Hahn polynomials orthogonal on special non-uniform lattices. English summary ; Ramanujan J. 5 2001 ; , no. 2, 167181. C. M. Joshi ; 2003b: 33013 33C45 ; with Hounkonnou, Mahouton Norbert ; The transformation of polynomial eigenfunctions of linear second-order q-difference operators: a special case of q-Jacobi polynomials. English summary ; Contemporary problems in mathematical physics Cotonou, 2001 ; , 427439, World Sci. Publishing, River Edge, NJ, 2002. see 2003h: 81004 ; 39A13 33D45 ; Bangert, P. D. with Berger, Mitchell A.; Prandi, R. ; In search of minimal random braid configurations. English summary ; J. Phys. A 35 2002 ; , no. 1, 4359. Yuanan Diao ; 2003e: 58025 58E50 ; Bang-Jensen, Jrgen Problems concerning global connectivity of directed graphs. English summary ; 6th International Conference on Graph Theory Marseille, 2000 ; , 4 pp. electronic ; , Electron. Notes Discrete Math., 5, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000. 05C40 and aredia.
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