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The fit result is plotted in Fig. 3 as the dashed curve. The KaoS Collaboration observed a K + ratio in Ni + collisions at the same equivalent subthreshold ; beam energy that is about seven times smaller than in p + near threshold. The KaoS Collaboration contributed this difference to a drop in the K - mass in Ni + collisions, and inferred a mass drop of 270 + 55 MeV c2 by using the measured kaon excitation -90 function [2]. Since f Kin is a measure of matter denB sity, we argue that studying K + K - against f Kin may B provide a different and probably more direct approach to search for medium effect on kaon mass: If the K - mass is modified by medium at low energy but not or differently ; at high energy, then the low energy K + K - should deviate from extrapolation of the high energy data. This Letter is a first attempt of this new approach: The fit result in Fig. 3 seems to imply no difference between the SIS and AGS SPS data; fitting the data excluding the Ni + Ni point to power-law function, yielding the result shown in the dotted curve, seems to give the same implication. Moreover, as noted, the average baryon phase-space densities at chemical and kinetic freeze-out may be different; the more suitable variable to correlate with K + K - the chemical freeze-out one. It has been found in Ref. [16], under the assumption of chemical and thermal equilibrium, that the chemical freeze-out f Ch is B twice the kinetic freeze-out f Kin at both the AGS and B SPS. Using the thermal model parameters obtained from the Ni + Ni data [31], the f Ch value is found to be the B same as the f Kin value. In Fig. 3, if the f Ch values B B were plotted, then the Ni + Ni data point would lie above a sensible extrapolation from the AGS and SPS data by about a factor of two. This is even more contradictory to K - mass drop, as K - mass drop would give a reduced K + K - ratio. However, one should be careful to conclude from the above results that there is no K - mass drop in the Ni + Ni data. This is because: 1. Although the power law parameterization is motivated by equilibrium models, it is not a priori for the relation between K + K - and f Kin . In fact, B data from C + C collisions at the SIS [32] do not follow the parameterization shown in Fig. 3: there a large K + K - ratio of 39 6 was observed; no d p data is available, but it can be conjectured that the f Kin value is lower in C + than in Ni + Ni. It is B possible that the C + C data follow a different systematic consistent with the AGS SPS data, while the Ni + Ni data lie below this systematic. This. Preamble: in the next five years there will be the LHC but otherwise a drastic reduction of particle experiments HERA closed BABAR closed BTev stopped Promising avenues besides LHC, ILC, CLIC: Neutrinos Rare Kaon decays Lepton flavour violation - e. ; Villars DESY - synchrotron light SLAC - synchrotron light Tevatron future ??? ILC ???.

Cultures re-equilibrated with the atmosphere. This non-constant pH occurred especially in some of the earlier studies. As an example, the addition of 0.35 meq l1 of strong acid will drive the pH of seawater from pH 8.1 to pH 7. This also results in a large excess partial pressure of CO2 relative to the atmosphere. The cultures would lose CO2 to the atmosphere and likely to uptake by phytoplankton ; . Upon complete CO2 re-equilibration with the atmosphere, the culture would re-stabilize at pH 8.04. In such experiments, the pH was constantly changing. In some studies, the pH was held relatively constant against pH drift by repetitive additions of acid or base. In experiments where short-term measurements were made, there was usually insufficient time for pH to drift appreciably. In a fourth general approach, a buffer was added to the seawater Kain & Fogg 1958a, b, Griffis & Chapman 1990 ; and the alkalinity adjusted. The buffer adds an additional component that participates in the acidbase reactions in the relevant pH range. Hence, the normal relationship between pH and other seawater components such as free CO2 ; may not be found. If the mechanism of the pH effect found for the species in these experiments is related to the concentrations of the normal pH-sensitive components of seawater other than the hydrogen ion concentration itself ; , then the pH effect may not be the same as would be found in a CO2 driven pH change. Experiments under conditions that more closely simulate normal seawater conditions will be needed to see if the observed effect from this type of experiment is relevant to field conditions.

Brand RA, Pedersen DR and Friederich JA 1986 ; : The sensitivity of muscle force predictions to changes in physiologic cross-sectional area. J Biomech 19 8 ; : 589-96. Breusch SJ, Aldinger PR, Thomsen M, Ewerbeck V and Lukoschek M 2000 ; : [Anchoring principles in hip endoprostheses. I: Prosthesis stem]. Unfallchirurg 103 11 ; : 918-31. Britton JR, Walsh LA and Prendergast PJ 2003 ; : Mechanical simulation of muscle loading on the proximal femur: analysis of cemented femoral component migration with and without muscle loading. Clin Biomech Bristol, Avon ; 18 7 ; : 637-46. Buhler DW, Berlemann U, Lippuner K, Jaeger P and Nolte LP 1997 ; : Threedimensional primary stability of cementless femoral stems. Clin Biomech Bristol, Avon ; 12 2 ; : 75-86. Burke DW, DO OC, Zalenski EB, Jasty M and Harris WH 1991 ; : Micromotion of cemented and uncemented femoral components. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 73 1 ; : 33-7. Callaghan JJ 1992 ; : Total hip arthroplasty. Clinical perspective. Clin Orthop 276 ; : 33-40. Callaghan JJ, Fulghum CS, Glisson RR and Stranne SK 1992 ; : The effect of femoral stem geometry on interface motion in uncemented porous-coated total hip prostheses. Comparison of straight-stem and curved-stem designs. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 74 6 ; : 839-48. Cameron HU, Pilliar RM and MacNab I 1973 ; : The effect of movement on the bonding of porous metal to bone. J Biomed Mater Res 7 4 ; : 301-11. Capello WN 1990 ; : Technical aspects of cementless total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 261 ; : 102-6. Chao EY and Rim K 1973 ; : Application of optimization principles in determining the applied moments in human leg joints during gait. J Biomech 6 5 ; : 497-510.

Anaerobic time-kill studies A 3 logio kill was not achieved during the 12 h of the anaerobic experiments. The times to achieve a 3 logm kill at a concentration of 20 mg L anaerobically were 16.5 and 19.2 h compared to 9.7 and 11.7 h aerobically Table III ; . The calculated times to achieve a 3 logio kill at a concentration of 40 mg L anaerobically were 16.6 and 19.2 h compared to 8.2 and 10.2 h aerobically. A statistically significant difference was found in the times to achieve a 3 log, 0 kill between the aerobic and anaerobic experiments P 0.0002 ; . The slopes from the experiments run at 20 mg L anaerobically were --0.18 and --0.16 compared with --0.31 and --0.26 obtained from those performed aerobically. The corresponding slopes from the experiments run at 40 mg L anaerobically were both -- 0.15 compared to --0.37 and --0.29 aerobically. The difference in the slopes of the bacterial time kill curve generated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was statistically significant P 0.0009 and kato.

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