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Acetylcholine secretion in the guinea pig urinary bladder in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274: 458468, 1995. Andersson KE, Holmquist F, Fovaeus M, Hedlund H, and Sundler R. Muscarinic
Medionecrosis. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 98: 309 April ; , 1956. The authors describe the case of a 39-year-old Negro in whom progressive dilatation of the ascending aorta with aortic regurgitation occurred. Because of the lack of evidence of syphilis, idiopathic cystic medial necrosis was suspected. This diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy of the aorta. Biopsy was performed as part of the surgical procedure that involved partial resection and plication of the aortic wall, reducing the caliber to normal, and application of a Nylon scultetus binder. The aortic diastolic murmur was greatly diminished after operation and the diastolic pressure returned to normal levels.
Patients were predominantly female. In addition, we explored attitudes of offenders fenders toward sexual contact with patients. reported nonoffenders, 79% of the men and.
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Them, deriving sets of them from each other is horribly kludgy. It is a warning sign when a large number of your search techniques involve prefix, suffix, substring, approximate or "fuzzy" matching on strings you are going to need a person driving that search. The lack of a logic for UDDI "tModels" the key metadata construct ; makes it practically impossible to write a system that does anything more than heuristic reasoning with them, and even that is fairly difficult and often highly application or domain specific. Furthermore, the ontologies are coming. OWL's predecessor language, DAML + OIL, already enjoys wide interest and use see the ontology library at daml for a sampling ; . As the Web Ontology Working Group heads toward completion, it's clear that OWL the language and associated documents defining it are very solid. The two years experience with DAML + OIL has produced a mature user base that is not only comfortable with its understanding of the language and how to use it, but of its ability to motivate and explain it to the wider world. It would be silly if the UDDI community didn't exploit this expertise. But if they don't, others will. The DAML Web Services DAML-S ; joint committee is an initiative to develop Semantic Web Services to deal with the challenges of Web Services in the context of the Semantic Web. DAML-S goes far beyond discovery to provide ontologies for the composition, execution and monitoring of Web Services. One key goal is to support rich enough descriptions of how a service works that we can derive facts about what it does, how much it would cost and other features of the service. Thus, the service provider or broker ; can concentrate on describing the service from a fairly narrow, functional perspective and let AI planners figure out if their service can be fruitfully combined with others at a reasonable price and in a timely manner to produce the desired result. In other words, the DAML-S committee is developing a language for describing Web-based services to support programs that can write other programs with little or no human intervention.
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Compared to 19% of patients of the other group, a 47% incidence reduction. Axcan has filed a Supplemental New Drug Submission in Canada for the use of PHOTOFRIN PDT in the treatment of High Grade Dysplasia associated with Barrett's Esophagus and intends to do the same in the United States and Europe in the first half of 2002. PHOTOFRIN PDT is already approved in various countries for the palliative treatment of esophageal cancer. Axcan intends to evaluate the efficacy of PHOTOFRIN PDT for the treatment of early stage esophageal carcinoma. The incidence of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus has been rising dramatically since 1970 in both the United States and Europe. This rise is mainly due to Barrett's Esophagus. Roughly 13, 000 Americans develop this cancer each year and 12, 000 die from it. A Phase II North American clinical trial will be initiated in fiscal 2002, in order to assess the therapeutic value of PHOTOFRIN PDT for early stage esophageal cancer and pima.
In addition to transcription factors associated with growth and development such as Oct-2, numerous other transcription factors were modulated by lead exposure; however, the changes in the expression of these transcription factors were less marked Fig. 1 ; . The macroarray screening analysis also showed the up-regulation of genes which are activated later on during the period of myelination and glial maturation such as Stat-2 and c-myc, as well as transcription factors associated with DNA damage, inflammation, and stress Harry et al., 1996; Brivanlou and Darnell Jr, 2002; Zawia, 2003 ; . The inductions in these transcription factors were sustained long after lead exposure had ended Fig. 1 ; . Moreover, the screening analysis revealed an overall pattern in which the steroid receptor super-family was consistently down-regulated. The significance of all these alterations is not clear and should not be viewed as conclusive until future confirmation and validation is undertaken.
They were washed and incubated for 30 min in the presence of 10 or µ g of photofrin ml and pindolol.
In previous studies we have shown that pdt with pc 4 is least as effective as photofrin at causing regression of rif- tumors in c3h hen mice and causes little, if any, photosensitivity using the doses employed for pdt.
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Tion and diffusion effects in photodynamic therapy. Radiat Res.; 126: 296303. Furuse K, Fukuoka M, Kato H, Horai T, Kubota K, Kodama N, Kusunoki Y, Takifuji N, Okunaka T, Konaka C, Wada H, Hayata Y. 1993 ; A prospective phase II study on photodynamic therapy with photofrin II for centrally located early-stage lung cancer. J Clin Oncol.; 11: 18527. Gze M, Morlire P, Mazire JC, Smith KM, Santus R. 1994 ; Lysosomes, a key target of hydrophobic photosensitizers proposed for photochemotherapeutic applications. J. Photochem Photobiol B: Biol.; 20: 2335. Korbelik M. 1993 ; Cellular delivery and retention of photofrin: III. Role of plasma proteins in photosensitizer clearance from cells. Photochem Photobiol.; 57: 84650. Kriska T, Korecz , Nemes I, Gal D. 1995 ; Physico-chemical modeling of the role of free radicals in photodynamic therapy. III. Interactions of stable free radicals with excited photosensitizers studied by kinetic ESR spectroscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.; 215: 1928. Ochsner M. 1997 ; Photophysical and photobiological processes in the photodynamic therapy of tumors. J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol.; 39: 118. Polo L, Valduga G, Jori G, Reddi E. 2002 ; Low-density lipoprotein receptors in the uptake of tumour photosensitizers by human and rat transformed fibroblasts. Int J Biochem Cell Biol.; 34: 1023. Ricchelli F. 1995 ; Photophysical properties of porphyrins in biological membranes. J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol.; 29: 10918. Sternberg ED, Dolphin D, Bruckner Ch. 1998 ; Porphyrin-based photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy. Tetrahedron.; 54: 4151202.
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Table 3. Univariate and Regression Analyses of Mortality Related to SAB in 186 Patients and posture.
Dpartement Qualit et Scurit. Centre d'tude et de Recherches vtrinaires et agrochimiques. Leuvensesteenweg 17. B 3080 Tervuren Belgique ; . 2 ; Laboratorium voor Fytofarmacie. Vakgroep Gewasbescherming. Universiteit Gent. Coupure links 653. B 9000 Gent Belgi ; . Reu le 3 fvrier 2004, accept le 19 avril 2004. Pour mesurer les progrs raliss en termes de dveloppement durable dans les stratgies de protection phytosanitaire ncessitant l'usage de produits phytopharmaceutiques, des indicateurs sont proposs qui, suivant les objectifs fixs, peuvent tre simples valeur chiffre directement disponible ; ou de complexit croissante ensemble de valeurs obtenues l'aide d'algorithmes plus ou moins complexes ; . Les indicateurs les plus simples sont les indicateurs d'utilisation tonnage utilis dans une entit gographique dtermine, nombre de traitements par saison ; . Malgr des avantages vidents facilit de calcul ; , ces indicateurs prsentent des faiblesses car ils ne permettent pas de mettre en vidence des tendances en termes d'impact des produits phytosanitaires sur l'homme en tant qu'applicateur de traitement, travailleur agricole, consommateur de denres traites ; ou sur l'environnement effets prjudiciables sur le sol, l'eau, l'air et sur les organismes qui y sont prsents ; . Le prsent article dcrit un certain nombre d'indicateurs d'utilisation Tonnage, Frquence ; , de pression sur le sol et les eaux SEPTWA ; et d'impact Seq, SyPEP, POCER ; , utiliss en Belgique en tant qu'instruments de mesure du dveloppement durable. Des exemples d'applications sont prsents dans le cadre de la lutte intgre. Ils portent sur le choix de substances actives, de produits commerciaux, de modalits d'application et de schmas de traitement identifis par ces indicateurs comme tant les plus srs pour l'homme et les plus respectueux pour l'environnement. Mots-cls. Produits phytosanitaires, protection des cultures, indicateurs, dveloppement durable, lutte intgre, toxicit, environnement, Belgique. Instruments aimed to measure pesticide use in the framework of sustainable development. Indicators are proposed in order to be able to measure progress towards sustainability in crop protection strategies requiring the use of pesticides. According to the fixed objectives, such indicators can be either simple figure easily obtainable ; or more complex set of figures obtained using more or less complex algorithms ; . The most simple indicators are indicators of use tonnage which has been used in a well defined geographic area, number of treatments during a cropping season ; . While interesting for their simplicity and for their readily availability, those indicators present some drawbacks because they do not allow to take into account trends in the impact of pesticides on man as a pesticide applicator, as an agricultural worker or as a consumer of treated foodstuffs ; or on the environment harmful effects on soil, water, air and on the organisms living therein ; . The present paper describes a set of indicators related to the usage Tonnage, Frequency of application ; , to the soil and water pressure SEPTWA ; and to the impact Seq, SyPEP, POCER ; , that has been used in Belgium in order to measure some progress towards sustainable development. Examples of application are provided in the framework of Integrated Pest Management. They deal with the choice of active ingredients, commercial preparations, application modes and treatment schemes that, using such indicators, are identified as safer for man and for the environment. Keywords. Pesticides, crop protection, indicators, sustainable development, IPM, toxicity, environment, Belgium.
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Than expected by the early observers who emphasised the potential for ethnie or Islarnic groups to be the source of regional security problems. Given the sub-state and intraIslamic divisions that exist today, it is incorrect to assume that ethno-nritionlists have the ability to appeal to cige-old grievances. or that radical Islamic groups have ready-made amies at their disposai. Rather. the societal security problems. and the groups affected. are much more complex situations and include rnmy different factors than original1y assumed by security unalysts. These complexities will become learer in the nent hapter when the cases of Pamir regionalism and [MU opposition are considered in detil. A second point that this chapter has made abundantly clear is that Central Asia remains in a transition stage. This mens that a shift toward ethno-nationalist or radical Islamic identity remains a possibility if certain conditions are siitisfied. As the M U case will show. inappropriate or badly timed policy initiatives made by the authontarian regimes of the region may prove so divisive that the only route for mass opposition is to express their grievances through specific identities. At this point ethno-entrepreneurs could redirect social unrest toward minonty groups, or fundamentdisi groups could utilise the promise of stability with the establishment of theocratic govemments. In most cases. Cenual Asian govemments have been conscious of this possibility and have sought less and pram.
At the minimum follow-up of 24 months, the proportion of patients' progression to cancer was statistically lower in the PHOTOFRIN PDT + OM group than in the OM Only group: 13% 18 of 138 patients ; versus 28% 20 of 70 patients ; , p 0.0060. Progression to cancer was related to complete response status. Patients who did not have a complete response had a greater risk of progression to cancer than patients who achieved a CR3 or better, both in the PHOTOFRIN PDT group 38% vs. 6% ; and in the OM Only group 44% vs. 4% ; . Patients who progressed to cancer after a complete response had mostly CR3. No CR1 patients had progressed to cancer during the follow-up period. Eighteen 13% ; patients in the PHOTOFRIN PDT + OM group and 22 31% ; patients in the OM Only group had another therapeutic intervention for HGD. Patients who experienced a progression of HGD to cancer, or who underwent therapy for HGD other than specified in the treatment arm were discontinued from the study. A disproportionate percentage of patients were discontinued from the OM Only group during the course of the study. By the end of the minimum 24-month follow-up period 81 59% ; patients in the PHOTOFRIN PDT + OM group and 28 40% ; patients in the OM Only group remained in their respective treatment arms. Median survival time could not be estimated for either group, because very few 3 ; patients died during the followup period. Complete response was influenced by the following factors: treatment with PHOTOFRIN PDT + OM vs. OM Only ; , single focus of HGD vs. multiple foci ; , and prior omeprazole intake of at least 3 months yes vs. no ; . Complete response was not influenced by the duration of HGD, length of BE, nodular conditions, gender, age, smoking history, and study center's size. Supportive Studies Two uncontrolled, supportive studies were conducted that were physician-sponsored, single center Phase II trials. Both studies included patients that had low-grade dysplasia LGD ; , HGD and early adenocarcinoma. All HGD in BE patients were treated with PHOTOFRIN PDT and omeprazole. The first study enrolled 99 patients 44 with HGD the purpose of this study was to determine the required light dose to produce effective results. The second study enrolled 86 patients 42 with HGD ; , who were randomized to receive either PHOTOFRIN PDT with prednisone or PHOTOFRIN PDT without prednisone to determine whether steroid treatment would reduce the incidence and severity of esophageal strictures. A CR3 or better response was demonstrated in 93% of 44 patients with HGD in the first study and in 95% of 42 patients with HGD in the second study after a minimum follow-up of 12 months. A CR2 or better response was achieved in 82% of patients in the first study and in 91% of patients in the second study. A CR1 response occurred in 57% of patients in the first study and in 60% of the second study. Progression to cancer during the above followup period occurred in 18% of patients in the first study and in 7% of patients in the second study. No reduction in the incidence or severity of esophageal strictures was found in the prednisone group in the second study. INDICATIONS AND USAGE Photodynamic therapy with PHOTOFRIN is indicated for: Palliation of patients with completely obstructing esophageal cancer, or of patients with partially obstructing esophageal cancer who, in the opinion of their physician, cannot be satisfactorily treated with Nd: YAG laser therapy. Reduction of obstruction and palliation of symptoms in patients with completely or partially obstructing endobronchial nonsmall cell lung cancer NSCLC ; . Treatment of microinvasive endobronchial NSCLC in patients for whom surgery and radiotherapy are not indicated. Ablation of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus patients who do not undergo esophagectomy. CONTRAINDICATIONS and photofrin.
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Does obesity make a difference to the significance of PSA values? A recent study4 of the relationship in 2, 779 men between body mass index BMI ; and the level of prostate-specific antigen PSA ; showed that PSA values were lower as BMI increased. The mean PSA value decreased in a linear fashion, from 1.01 ng mL in normal weight men to 0.69 ng mL in obese men, after adjusting for race ethnicity and age. It is thought that obese men might have elevated hormone levels, possibly explaining their lower PSA scores. Whatever the reason, in overweight and obese men the PSA test gives too low a reading, potentially causing prostate cancers to be missed. This is important because it might mean that obese men are having their cancers diagnosed later, resulting in poorer overall survival and pramlintide.
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